The Colchester Enigma: A Guide to Unraveling Roman Elite Burials
Overview
In Colchester, England, archaeologists recently uncovered the burial of a high-status Roman woman, a discovery that has captured worldwide attention. The woman was interred in a lead coffin, adorned with jet hairpins, and surrounded by exotic resins—luxurious goods that signal elite status in Roman Britain. This find offers a rare window into the lives and deaths of the Roman upper class. This guide will walk you through how archaeologists analyze such a burial, from initial discovery to final interpretation, blending historical context with scientific methods. Whether you're a student, enthusiast, or professional, you'll gain practical insights into the process of decoding ancient Roman funerary practices.
Prerequisites
Before diving into the step-by-step analysis, you'll need a basic understanding of Roman Britain (43–410 CE) and common burial practices. Familiarity with archaeological concepts like stratigraphy, grave goods, and organic residue analysis is helpful but not required. You should also have access to:
- Archaeological reports from Colchester (local museum archives or online databases).
- Basic knowledge of Roman material culture (coffin types, hairpins, resins).
- Scientific tools or references for chemical analysis (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for resins).
- A digital or physical notebook for recording findings and hypotheses.
If you lack any of these, the guide includes explanations to get you started.
Step-by-Step Guide: Analyzing the Colchester Burial
Step 1: Contextualize the Discovery
Begin by examining where and how the burial was found. In Colchester (Roman Camulodunum), the site was likely a cemetery near the Roman town. Note the excavation method—often mechanical digging followed by hand troweling. Record the depth, soil layers, and proximity to other burials. This context hints at the woman’s social standing: elite Romans often placed graves near roads or in prominent plots. Look for signs of disturbance—if intact, the burial offers a sealed time capsule.
Key questions: Was the grave isolated or part of a family plot? Were there markers (now lost) above ground? Archaeologists at Colchester found the lead coffin alone, suggesting deliberate isolation for high rank.
Step 2: Examine the Coffin and Burial Container
The lead coffin is a critical clue. Lead was extremely expensive in Roman Britain, imported from mines in the Mendip Hills. Measure its dimensions (typically adult-sized, around 1.8 m long). Look for decoration: some coffins have scallop shells or inscriptions. In this case, the coffin was plain but heavy, indicating the family spared no expense. Note that lead coffins slow decay, preserving organic remains—a boon for later analysis. Document the lid fastenings (lead solder or nails).
Common variation: Wooden coffins were cheaper; stone sarcophagi were for the very elite. Lead sits in between, often used for urban wealthy.
Step 3: Catalog the Grave Goods
Grave goods reveal wealth, beliefs, and personal identity. Here, the most striking items are jet hairpins and exotic resins.
- Jet hairpins: Jet is a fossilized wood, sourced from Whitby (Yorkshire) or possibly Spain. Hairpins like those in Colchester (3–5 cm long, carved) were used to fasten elaborate Roman hairstyles. Their presence indicates the woman owned luxury toiletries and likely had slaves who styled her hair. Check for wear patterns—fresh condition suggests burial as a costume.
- Exotic resins: Residue analysis (gas chromatography) identified the resins as frankincense and myrrh from Arabia or East Africa. These were imported at great cost for funerary incense, perfumes, or embalming. Their presence implies the woman was of senatorial or equestrian rank, connected to trade networks.
Also document any other items: pottery, glass unguentaria (for scented oils), coins (for Charon’s fee), or food offerings. At Colchester, no additional items were reported, focusing attention on the hairpins and resins.
Step 4: Conduct Osteological and Isotopic Analysis
The woman’s skeleton, if partly preserved, can reveal age (probably 30–40 years based on pelvic morphology), diet (carbon/nitrogen isotopes), and geographic origin (strontium isotopes from tooth enamel). Strontium analysis can confirm she was local or from elsewhere in the empire. For the Colchester burial, initial reports suggest she was local, but further testing might reveal travels.
Special note: Lead coffins can contaminate bone for lead isotope analysis, so handle contamination carefully. Also, look for pathologies (e.g., arthritis, syphilis, or healed fractures) that speak to her health and lifestyle.
Step 5: Interpret Symbolic and Social Meaning
Now synthesize all data. The combination of lead coffin, jet hairpins, and exotic resins screams high status, but what does it mean for Roman identity? Lead coffins were used in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, a period of economic change. The use of jet (linked to protection and magic) and imported resins (for purification or status display) suggests the woman and her family participated in elite provincial culture, blending Roman and local customs. Compare with other burial finds from Roman Britain, like the Spitalfields woman (London, had jet artifacts and a lead coffin) to see patterns.
Form a hypothesis: She was likely a wealthy merchant’s wife or a provincial official’s relative, possibly a priestess (given the resin’s ritual use). The lack of Christian symbols points to pagan beliefs. Write a report that includes all evidence and qualifications.
Common Mistakes
- Overinterpreting status from one artifact: A lead coffin alone doesn’t guarantee elite rank; local availability matters. Always weigh multiple lines of evidence.
- Assuming exotic resins mean direct trade: Frankincense and myrrh were often repackaged by Roman merchants; the woman may not have had direct contact with Arabia.
- Ignoring taphonomy: Organic remains like resins degrade. Absence does not mean absence in life; sample carefully.
- Confusing jet with glass or shale: Jet is light, warm to the touch, and leaves a brown streak when scratched. Verify using a hand lens.
- Misreading burial context: Lead coffins can slide or be disturbed by later activity. Check section drawings for intruding features.
- Neglecting ethical considerations: The woman was an individual—avoid sensationalism. Respect her remains and local community feelings.
Summary
This guide walked you through the step-by-step analysis of a Roman elite burial, using the Colchester lead coffin discovery as a case study. You learned how to contextualize the find, examine the coffin, catalog grave goods (jet hairpins and exotic resins), conduct osteological/isotopic analysis, and synthesize evidence into a holistic interpretation. By avoiding common pitfalls, you can approach similar burials with clarity and rigor. The Colchester woman remains a mystery in many ways, but her story adds a precious fiber to the rich tapestry of Roman Britain.